Advances in monitoring and therapy from minimal residual disease to CAR-T cells in multiple myeloma and precursor disorders

This review examines the evolution of multiple myeloma management from empirical observation to precision-guided care. It highlights how highly sensitive diagnostics, like next-generation sequencing, enable precise minimal residual disease monitoring, which predicts prolonged patient survival. Furthermore, innovative immunotherapies like BCMA-directed CAR-T cells achieve deep responses, though significant hurdles regarding toxicity and equitable therapy access persist today.